ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS IN HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: A FIVE-YEAR STUDY
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Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant global health challenge, exacerbated by rising antibiotic resistance. This five-year retrospective study evaluates the antibiotic resistance patterns of common bacterial pathogens isolated from HAIs in tertiary care hospitals across Pakistan. The study analyzes trends in multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan-drug resistant (PDR) organisms. Findings reveal alarming rates of resistance among key pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Resistance to last-resort antibiotics, including carbapenems and colistin, is increasing, posing severe treatment challenges. The study underscores the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship, infection control practices, and surveillance systems in Pakistani healthcare settings to mitigate the spread of resistant HAIs
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